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What you are looking at
These are images of the space of complex numbers.
The black area is the Mandelbrot set itself, which are the values of the complex number c such that if you repeatedly iterate z ← z² + c starting at z=0 the value of |z| stays less than 2. The colored areas surrounding the black of the Mandelbrot set are values of c for which z eventually goes to infinity, with the colors indicating how many iterations until |z|>2
You will also notice a subtle shading which seems to show relief.
This is done by considering that the colored bands to be contours on a map
and shading it accordingly to show the slope. For a detailed discussion of the algorithm see Hill-Shading the Mandelbrot Set
Out of these simple mathematical operations we get these incredibly complex and fascinating images.